For more than 100 years, eye scientists and clinicians have recognized that there is a difference between the refractive and anterior corneal astigmatism of the human eye. Javal postulated an approximately linear relationship between corneal astigmatism and refractive astigmatism, which became known as Javal’s rule: refractive astigmatism 1⁄4 1.25 (keratometric astigmatism) 0.50 90. For most ey...

DURING the last two centuries the treatment of amblyopia ex anopsia in cases of strabismus has made considerable progress. One of the earliest forms of treatment was occlusion of the fixing eye. This was first carried out by Buffon (1743), who also showed the need for correction of the refractive error by means of spectacles. More than a century later, Javal (1896) thought that squint was prima...

In a previous paper (Keith and Pulford) we described a method for producing experimental hydronephrosis, which permitted the study of renal function in this condition for periods varying from weeks to months. The method used was the partial obstruction of both ureters near the ureteropelvic juncture. After a thorough functional study of hydronephrosis thus produced, further experiments were car...

in the retrospective investigation titled “risk factors evaluation of threshold retinopathy of prematurity” at a tertiary ophthalmic center in tehran, iran, the authors have studied 859 premature neonates during one year (2008-2009). 791 eyes have had retinopathy of prematurity (rop) and 7.4% of them presented threshold retinopathy (trop). the investigators aim has been to present and compare t...

AFIER operations for convergent squint, a comparatively frequent result is that the eyes are straight for distance, but on attempting near vision, the squint reappears. It happens even after a full recession of both medial recti and after the fullest possible spectacle correction. This residual acconmmodational squint proves a great handicap to the full restoration of binocular single vision an...

MANY studies have been made of the changes of refraction of the eye during infancy and childhood, but little is known of the changes in the individual components of total refraction. Such changes must be of considerable magnitude to compensate for the axial elongation of the globe during growth, for the refraction of the adult eye with its longer axis differs but little from that seen in early ...

In reviewing the literature, no description of a lipemia occurring in relation to simple hemorrhage was found, so that the observation of the phenomenon here recorded would seem to be new. Very high percentages of fat have been found in the blood of diabetics. Fischer's case showed 18.1 per cent total ether extract. Of this very little was free fat (0.0018 gm. potassium hydroxide per gram of fa...