We present a formal method of functional program develop ment based on step by step transformation In their most abstract form speci cations are essentially predicates that relate the result of the speci ed program to the free variables of that pro gram In their most concrete form speci cations are simply programs in a functional programming language Development from abstract speci cations to p...

We consider issues related to the origins, sources and initial motivations of the theory of Hopf algebras. We consider the two main sources of primeval development: algebraic topology and algebraic group theory. Hopf algebras are named from the work of Heinz Hopf in the 1940’s. In this note we trace the infancy of the subject back to papers from the 40’s, 50’s and 60’s in the two areas mentione...

Handling variable binding is one of the main difficulties in formal proofs. In this context, Moggi’s computational metalanguage serves as an interesting case study. It features monadic types and a commuting conversion rule that rearranges the binding structure. Lindley and Stark have given an elegant proof of strong normalization for this calculus. The key construction in their proof is a notio...

it is well-known that “casual conditional” in islamic logics has been used with two meanings: “specific conditional” and “general conditional”. however, viewing the works of the muslim logicians, we find out that these two meanings of “casual conditional” have been interpreted in two various ways: each of the general and specific conditionals is sometimes interpreted as the condition of “non-ne...

Church 's lambda-calculus is modified by introducing a new mechanism, the lambda-bar operator # , which neutralizes the effect of one preceding lambda binding. This operator can be used in such a way that renaming of bound variables in any reduction sequence can be avoided, with the effect that efficient interpreters with comparatively simple machine organization can be designed. It is shown th...

The existence of domestic violence is closely linked to several ideological factors that include sexism and other beliefs about society in general, namely the belief in a just world. In this study, which involved 485 people of both sexes aged between 18 and 70 years, we analyzed the influence of these ideological variables of the perceivers and characteristics of the situation on judgments of a...

An organization can only be as smart as the sum of its perceptions. These perceptions come in the form of observations—observations collected across the various enterprise systems, such as customer enrollment systems, financial accounting systems, and payroll systems. With each new transaction an organization learns something. It is at the moment something is learned that there exists an opport...

This work extends the notion of the widely mentioned and used fractional Brownian traffic model in the literature. Extensive experimental investigations indicate that the proposed traffic model, named extended fractional Brownian traffic, can capture not only the self-similar properties, but also the inherent multifractal characteristics of those traffic flows found in modern communication netw...