chilling is an important environmental stress that influences the yield and quality of many agricultural crops. different plants use different systems to endure this stress and minimize its effects. one of these systems is enzymatic reaction. to find out more about responses of different grapevine species and cultivars to the low temperature conditions, their enzymatic changes were evaluated in...

The mathematical study of genealogies has yielded important insights in population biology, such as the ability to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of a sample of genetic sequences or of a group of individuals. Here we introduce a model of cultural genealogies that is a step toward answering similar questions for cultural traits. In our model individuals can inherit f...

An important clue to the evolutionary history of an allele is the structure of the neighboring region of the genome, which we term the genomic background of the allele. Consider two copies of the allele. How similar we expect their genomic background to be is strongly influenced by the age of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA). We apply diffusion theory, first used by Motoo Kimura as a to...

The mutation process is introduced into the colored coalescent theory. The mutation process can be viewed as an independent Poisson process running on the colored genealogical random tree generated by the colored coalescent process, with the edge lengths of the random tree serving as the time scale for the mutation process. Moving backward along the colored genealogical tree, the color of verti...

The genealogies of samples of orthologous regions from multiple species can be classified by their shapes. Using a neutral coalescent model of two species, I give exact probabilities of each of four possible genealogical shapes: reciprocal monophyly, two types of paraphyly, and polyphyly. After the divergence that forms two species, each of which has population size N, polyphyly is the most lik...

Objectives Use of a reliable method to determine the degree of skeletal development of the mid-palatal suture is important in the choice of treatment between orthopedic maxillary expansion and surgical expansion in adolescents and young adults. The aim of this study was to review the new methods for evaluation of mid-palatal suture maturation. Methods Electronic search was conducted in PubMed ...

abstract to produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, whole flower explants were collected at two sampling stages of i, iii. to produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, ms medium supplemented with 5 and 10µm 2,4-d and 2µm bap were used. for embryo differentiation, ms medium with 0.5mg/l iba, ms medium without any plant growth regulators, ms medium with 2mg/l iba and 0.2mg/l bap, ms m...