Considering the proliferation of information technology (IT), growing IT divides are still proven to exist today. Although some argue the broadband technology could be the platform for universal ubiquity, the benefits are still debatable for municipalities providing access. The authors discuss how public officials have decided to lead, support and usher in an era of rapid IT development by way ...

Prevalence and Multi-Drug Resistance Patterns of Uropathogenic E.coli isolated from Women Patients in Kirkuk city, Iraq

This study analyses how political and institutional factors affected the performance of municipalities in improving social welfare in Brazil in the period from 1990 to 2000. The model adopts a stochastic production frontier, conditioned by variables related to the provision costs of services and those that can affect municipal efficiency. The results indicated that we can not reject:1) economie...

Estonia has one of the most established e-voting systems in the world. Internet voting remote e-voting using the voter’s own equipment was piloted in 2005 [12] (with the first real elections using e-voting being conducted the same year) and has been in use ever since. So far, the Estonian internet voting system has been used for the whole country in three sets of local elections, two European P...

This research aims to highlight the role of anthropogenous factors on highway study area (Baghdad-Kirkuk road), because this has a strategic importance. It is link artery between capital, Baghdad, and northern governorates. The population density according districts (241.46) people per linear kilometer road, while showed that large urban included Kirkuk district, was 4329.9, for rural kilometer...

We compare the interactive experiences of two public infrastructures — situated displays and a municipal wireless network — using a conceptual framework of place, experience and embodiment. Using the framework as a point of reference, we can begin to address some inherent design issues in these technologies. Consequently, we argue that urban technologies which take into account their environmen...