The Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) procedure was used to compare waste management options for kraft pulp mill sludge following its anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion of sludge is advantageous because it produces biogas that may be used to generate electricity, heat and biofuels. However, adequate management of the digested sludge is essential. Landfill disposal is a non-sustainab...

This paper describes our efforts focused at defining the formation of diphenylmethane moieties in lignin during conventional kraft and soda pulping conditions. This objective was realized by confirming, initially, the assignment of a P NMR signal as being due exclusively to the presence of phosphitylated diphenylmethane (DPM) phenolic hydroxyl groups. More specifically, softwood milled wood lig...

This work offers a comprehensive understanding of the conditions required for the selective masking of the phenolic hydroxyl groups in technical kraft lignins, which is pivotal in determining their subsequent chemical and thermal reactivity. To this effect, we have examined the chemistry and developed the conditions for the facile, mild, and selective masking of the phenolic hydroxyl groups in ...

Department of Computer Science and (by courtesy) Art and Art History, Virginia Tech, 121 VTKW II, 2202 Kraft Dr – MC 0106 Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA b Information Science and Science & Technology Studies, Cornell University, 301 College Ave., Ithaca, NY 14580, USA Department of Computer Science and (by courtesy) Psychology, Virginia Tech, 123 VTKW II, 2202 Kraft Dr – MC 0106 Blacksburg, VA 24060...

To identify Kraft liquor effects on spermatogenesis and sperm motility of Caspian kutums by using in vitro culture, the fish testis was incubated with 5, 10 and 15 % (V/V) of liquor for 3 and 6 days. The percentage of motile spermatozoa and its total duration were also measured. Adverse effects on testicular cells were more apparent with the increase of liquor concentrations. The mean size of s...

We study the notion of a code in a sofic subshift. We first give a generalization of the Kraft-McMillan inequality to this case. We then prove that the polynomial of the alphabet in an irreducible sofic shift divides the polynomial of any finite code which is complete for this sofic shift. This settles a conjecture from Reutenauer.

Xylan extracts from southern US hardwood were used for the adsorption of both hardwood and softwood pulp. Pulp beatability and physical strength properties were determined and compared with those of the conventional Kraft pulp and pre-extracted modified Kraft pulp. The results indicated that hemicelluloses adsorption greatly improved pulp beatability. Compared to conventional Kraft pulp, a sign...