Background: Physiological and psychological impacts of pregnancy may relate to anxiety symptoms in nulliparous women. An effective communication between couples can have protective effects against anxiety in this period. Objectives: The present study intended to assess the relationship between communication skills and the anxiety during pregnancy in nulliparous women. Methods: This study adhe...

Previous research has provided evidence that second language (L2) learners use gesture to enhance spoken communication with interlocutors, and that gesture facilitates L2 word learning. The current study investigates how L2 learners use gesture to communicate in conversational settings, and whether their gesturing in these settings facilitates L2 acquisition beyond the immediate context. The re...

Second language (L2) learners are very keen to master speaking in their L2, and this is among the most important of all skills. However, anxiety a major obstacle successful L2 learning. This study was designed investigate university-level students’ attitudes towards English experience anxiety. 81 participants who majored with an average age 21.8 years were recruited. The researcher co...

Extensive reading (ER) is an instructional option steadily gaining support and recognition in second language (L2) reading pedagogy. Even though many attempts have been made to unravel the impact of ER on L2 development, there is a paucity of investigation into the affective domains of reading. The current study helps fill this gap by examining the effect of ER on L2 reading attitude. Participa...

non-verbal communication (nvc) plays a major role in various aspects of human life (andersen, 2004; cameron, 2001; johnstone, 2008). children learning their first language come to realize non-verbal communication as their socialization process takes place (fletcher & german, 1990; ingram, 1996; owens, 2001). however, most efl learners may have little exposure to these non-verbal aspects of ...

Using  willingness  to  communicate  (WTC)  and  socio-educational  models  as  a  framework,  the present study aimed at examining WTC in English and its underlying variables in a sample of 372 Iranian  non-English  major  EFL  learners.  The  data  were  collected  through  self-reported questionnaires.  Path  analysis  framework  using  the  Amos  Program  with  maximum  likelihood estimatio...

The present study focuses on individual differences in levels of communicative anxiety (CA) and foreign language anxiety (FLA) in the first (L1), second (L2), third (L3) and fourth (L4) language of 106 adult language learners. Data were collected about CA / FLA levels when speaking with friends, with strangers, and speaking in public. The analyses revealed that multilinguals do experience more ...

We present the effects of L1 and L2 cache sharing on cache miss rates, cache line invalidations, and constuctive and destructive interference. The most important finding of this paper is that a system configuration that shares L2 caches, does not share L1 caches, and does not enforce inclusion between the L1 and L2 caches will produce the highest performance cache and communication hierarchy fo...