This study shows that R&D cooperations can be used as an instrument to coordinate drug development portfolios among participating firms, which has crucial implications on the number of drugs offered on the market. Our study puts special attention to the fact that R&D cooperations, formed at different stages throughout the drug development process, have different impacts on the technology and pr...

We introduce a computational model of the evolution of a research-based pharmaceutical firm and parameterize it using existing estimates of R&D costs, profit distributions, and candidate attrition rates. We use the model to estimate how the probability of continuously covering the capitalized costs of R&D from new product revenues depends on R&D scale. In the model, even small reductions in pro...

The activity of the NhaA Na+/H+ antiporter of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is inhibited by amiloride. We found an amino acid sequence in the NhaA that was identical to a putative amiloride binding domain of the Na+/H+ exchanger in mammalian cells. We constructed mutant NhaAs that had amino acid substitutions in the putative amiloride binding domain by site-directed mutagenesis. These include V62L (V...

As fretting fatigue cracks are initiated at an early stage of life, the fretting fracture process is dominated by the stable growth of cracks. Hence the measurement of crack length is very important. This paper demonstrates the suitability of the DC potential drop technique for the measurement of fretting cracks. A calibration has been established for monitoring crack growth in BS L65 copper al...

Direct-to-consumer drug advertising has recently become an important and controversial component of drug marketing. In this paper we examine one of the claimed benefits of drug advertising: encouraging the undiagnosed to seek out medical treatment. Using detailed person-level panel data on more than 30,000 individuals from the Medical Care Expenditure Panel Survey, we measure how advertising af...

This paper sheds light on the product cycle and neotechnology theories of trade in the context of generic pharmaceuticals. The paper studies the export performance of 177 Indian pharmaceutical firms for the post-liberalization period 1991-2004. The results indicate that technology proxied by foreign patent rights has a positive impact on exports. This suggests that developing countries with inn...

Nucleotide changes occurring in class I mutants of the /ao promoter have been determined. Mutants L8, L37, L65 and L592 produce a G. C to T-A transition at nucleotide 19, while L29, L146 and L614 produce a C 'G to A.T transition at nucleotide 28. These two mutational sites are symmetrically located in a sequence in which 12 of 14 nucleotides are related by a dyad axis. This region may be the bi...

We refer to the framework developed by Ijiri and Simon (1977) and to the notion of independent submarkets (Sutton 1998) to provide a simple candidate explanation for the shape of the firm growth distribution based on a model of proportional growth at the level of both the introduction of new products by firms and their size dynamics. We exploit the features of a unique longitudinal data set whi...

The purpose of this paper is to determine what factor affect trust in scientists and food manufacturers, and to examine how trust in these institutions affects public support for biotechnology. Data from the U.S. Biotechnology Study reveal that benefits from biotechnology and expectations of trustworthiness are correlated with trust in scientists, but benefits and costs of biotechnology, and ex...

This paper introduces a dynamic equilibrium model of the research-based pharmaceutical industry and parameterizes it using industry facts. In the model, imposing price controls in the U.S. reduces firm value, R&D, the flow of new drugs, and the net present value of consumer welfare in the U.S. and globally. Removing price controls in one or more non-U.S. countries increases firm value, R&D, the...