This paper examines the causal impact of labor force participation on informal caregiving. To address the endogeneity of labor force participation, we exploit local business cycles and instrument for individual labor force participation with state unemployment rates. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we find that labor force participation significantly reduc...

Retirement-related concepts are treated as random variables within Markov process models that capture multiple labor force entries and exits. The expected number of years spent outside of the labor force, expected years in retirement, and expected age at retirement are computed-all of which are of immense policy interest but have been heretofore reported with less precisely measured proxies. Ex...

corruption is almost exist in all human societies throughout thehistory. any continuation of corruption in different ages made most ofresearchers and policy makers to consider corruption as an inevitablepart of human being challenges (mukum, 2008).administrative corruption is common in most developed and/orunder –developed countries.in other words, there is no country in the world that has note...

alternative theoretical perspectives have been presented to explain internationally effective factors affecting immigration. for example, the orthodox explanation of migration is based on the concept of wage differentials as an important factor of international immigration. the world system approach declines to interpret theoretically international migration as a phenomenon between independent ...

This paper estimates the macroeconomic effect of labor market programs on labor force participation. Labor market programs could counteract business-cycle variation in the participation rate that is due to the discouraged-worker effect, and they could prevent labor force outflow. An equation that determines the participation rate is estimated with GMM, using panel data (1986-1998) for Sweden’s ...

The labor supply incentives provided by the early retirement rules of the United States Social Security Old Age benefits program are of growing importance as the Normal Retirement Age (NRA) increases to 67, and the labor force participation of Older Americans starts to increase. These incentives allow individuals who claim benefits before the NRA but continue to work, or return to the labor for...