Ladder logic is a graphical language widely used to program Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). PLCs are found at the heart of most industrial control systems used in automation because they are robust, they are relatively easy to program and because they are a proven technology. However there is currently no means to measure the intrinsic properties and qualities of the code produced. This ...

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA system is more porpular than other control system in the modern industrial processes. This research describes the automated switch control for SCADA based electrical distribution system of primary substation by using PLC. The objective of this research is to transform the manual control system to automated switch control system in...

The main purpose of this article is to introduce the evidential reasoning approach, a research methodology, for decision making under uncertainty. Bayesian framework and Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions are used to model uncertainties in the decision problem. We first introduce the basics of the DS theory and then discuss the evidential reasoning approach and related concepts. Next, w...

We present some useful ways to visualize the nature of dark energy and the effects of the accelerating expansion on cosmological quantities. Expansion probes such as Type Ia supernovae distances and growth probes such as weak gravitational lensing and the evolution of large scale structure provide powerful tests in complementarity. We present a “ladder” diagram, showing that in addition to dram...

The objective of this paper is to design, develop and testing of the “Real time implementation of SCADA system for ratio control based bottle filling plant”. This work will provide low operational cost, low power consumption, accuracy and flexibility to the system and at the same time it will provide accurate volume of liquid in bottle by saving operational time. In this work, a prototype has b...

This paper presents a preliminary study of an approach that models programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for their effective deployment in industrial control processes. A working model is developed for automatic allocation of PLCs and also a formal verification of Ladder Diagram representations of control processes using the Symbolic Model Verifier (SMV) tool. Automatic resource allocation is a...