in this paper, he‘s variational iteration method is applied to fredholm integral equations of the second kind. to illustrate the ability and simplicity of the method, some examples are provided. the results reveal that the proposed method is very effective and simple and for first fourth examples leads to the exact solution.

in this paper, we consider the variational homotopy perturbation method (vhpm) to obtain an approximate series solution for the generalized fisher’s equation which converges to the exact solution in the region of convergence. comparisons are made among the variational iteration method (vim), the exact solutions and the proposed method. the results reveal that the proposed method is very effectiv...

Following recent work by Lambiase and Nesterenko we study in detail the interquark potential for a Nambu-Goto string with point masses attached to its ends. We obtain exact solutions to the gap equations for the Lagrange multipliers and metric components and determine the potential without simplifying assumptions. We also discuss Lüscher term and argue that it remains universal. 12.38.Aw,12.39....

A novel procedure to reduce by four the order of Euler–Lagrange equations associated to n-th order variational problems involving single variable integrals is presented. In preparation, a new formula for the commutator of two C∞symmetries is established. The method is based on a pair of variational C∞-symmetries whose commutators satisfy a certain solvability condition. It allows one to recover...

This paper presents the formulation of time-fractional Klein-Gordon equation using the Euler-Lagrange variational technique in the Riesz derivative sense and derives an approximate solitary wave solution. Our results witness that He’s variational iteration method was very efficient and powerful technique in finding the solution of the proposed equation. The basic idea described in this paper is...

In this paper we study the existence of a solution in Lloc(Ω) to the Euler-Lagrange equation for the variational problem (0.1) inf ū+W 1,∞ 0 (Ω) Z Ω (1ID(∇u) + g(u))dx, with D convex closed subset of Rn with non empty interior. By means of a disintegration theorem, we next show that the Euler-Lagrange equation can be reduced to an ODE along characteristics, and we deduce that there exists a sol...

Rolling-based seismic isolation systems, in which rollers of circular or non-circular section are used, are less expensive and easier to manufacture. However, this type of isolation suffers from either lack of restoring or re-centering capability, or weakness against uplift forces. To resolve the first shortcoming the use of elliptical as well as pillow-shape rolling parts has been suggested, a...

Motivated by the supersymmetric extension of Liouville theory in the recent physics literature, we couple the standard Liouville functional with a spinor field term. The resulting functional is conformally invariant. We study geometric and analytic aspects of the resulting Euler-Lagrange equations, culminating in a blow up analysis.