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Land degradation and discontinuation of ecosystem services (ES) are a common phenomenon that causes socio-economic environmental problems in Ethiopia. However, dearth information is known about how ES changing from the past to future with regard land use cover (LULC) changes. This study aimed at estimating values based on LULC changes central Maximum likelihood classifier cellular automata-arti...

in this paper, installment options on the underlying assetwhich evolves according to black-scholes model and pays constant dividendto its owner will be considered. applying arbitrage pricing theory,the non-homogeneous parabolic partial differential equation governingthe value of installment option is derived. then, penalty method is usedto value the european continuous installment call option.

Landscape is a crucial component of world heritage and, in the last few years, landscape projects have played a vital role in the development of sustainable scenarios. As reported in the European Landscape Convention, landscape means an area, as perceived by people, of which the character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. Therefore, in landscape planni...

Management-prepared financial statement projections are an important component of the income approach to business valuation, specifically the discounted cash flow valuation method. And, the discounted cash flow valuation method is frequently used and assigned material weighting in the business valuation performed for gift tax, estate tax, and generation-skipping tax purposes. This discussion co...

The methods used to value tropical forests have the potential to influence how policy makers and others perceive forest lands. A small number of valuation studies achieve real impact. These are generally succinct accounts supporting a specific perception. However, such reports risk being used to justify inappropriate actions. The end users of such results are rarely those who produced them, and...