It is widely accepted that today’s technological world is moving in a much more speed than the past, which requires the skill of keeping up with the pace of change. This change and innovation is a must for all organizations. According to Shen (2008, p. 73), this change is trickier in the educational context, where "the nature of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of those i...

Bayesian probability is normally defined over a fixed language or event space. But in practice language is susceptible to change, and the question naturally arises as to how Bayesian degrees of belief should change as language changes. I argue here that this question poses a serious challenge to Bayesianism. The Bayesian may be able to meet this challenge however, and I outline a practical meth...

Consider the following two models of syntactic change, which we can call the drift model and the imperfect transmission model. Under the drift model, change is driven by a gradual shift in the frequencies with which linguistic forms are used. If, after some time, the frequency of some crucial form drops below the threshold of learnability, the grammar changes. The frequency changes are driven b...