Our aim in this paper is to resolve a paradox. Since the 1970s, there has been a downward secular trend in the average real and relative earnings of young adults under the age of 35. Despite the fact that most young children live in households headed by adults under 35, there has been no corresponding secular rise in the incidence of low income among children. Rather child poverty has followed ...

The problem of qualifications recognition is particularly acute for NESB women those least likely to be Principal Applicants, most likely (along with refugees) to be out of the labour force at the time of migration, and therefore least likely to get their qualifications assessed in advance. The consequences can be profound, given that women's intermittent participation in the labour force means...

This article examines the markets for land and labour in traditional Japan, where peasant families accounted for 80 per cent of the population; it focuses on the extent of these markets and how they operated. The survey of evidence, both literary and statistical, indicates that, while the size of the factor markets was small and limited, lease arrangements for farmland and the markets for seaso...

This article examines the markets for land and labour in traditional Japan, where peasant families accounted for 80 per cent of the population; it focuses on the extent of these markets and how they operated. The survey of evidence, both literary and statistical, indicates that, while the size of the factor markets was small and limited, lease arrangements for farmland and the markets for seaso...

Introduction Poor quality of care remains key constraint to safe motherhood especially for women from poor families in a context of rapid expansion of maternity healthcare services. In India, deliveries at healthcare institutions have increased in last three years. There is evidence that oxytocin is a drug is often misused to speed labours (childbirth) in overcrowded labour wards or even in hom...

Two little known forms of child labour in Turkey are examined. The process through which these children are made to work has parallels with the experiences of slaves. First, a longstanding practice from Northwestern Turkey of parents hiring children to better-off farmers is examined. Further, a more recent problem is examined where children are trafficked to big cities and forced to join crimin...

An emerging trend in Australia, over the past twenty or so years, has been for any available employment to become increasingly polarised into households where either no adult is working (jobless households), or all adults are working (all-work households). Indeed studies have shown that Australia has one of the highest jobless household rates in the OECD for families with children. This paper u...

High relatedness promotes the evolution of sociality because potentially costly cooperative behaviours are directed towards kin. However, societies, such as those of social insects, also benefit from genetic diversity, e.g. through enhanced disease resistance and division of labour. Effects of genetic diversity have been investigated in a few complex eusocial species. Here, we show that genetic...