BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY Late 'age at menopause' is a recognised risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and is also associated with decreased use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). When investigating the association between HRT use and breast cancer risk it is therefore necessary to adjust for the potential confounder, 'age at menopause'. 'Age at menopause', however, cannot be determ...

The menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity. It is heralded by the menopausal transition, a period when the endocrine, biological, and clinical features of approaching menopause begin. A common initial marker is the onset of menstrual irregularity. The biology underlying the transition to menopause includes central neuroendocri...

Exposure to ionizing radiation has been thought to induce ovarian failure and premature menopause. Proximally exposed female atomic bomb survivors were reported to experience menopause immediately after the exposure more often than those who were distally exposed. However, it remains unclear whether such effects were caused by physical injury and psychological trauma or by direct effects of rad...

Background: Menopause has become a popular topic of study as life expectancy rises around the world. The average age at menopause in both developed and developing countries ranges from 45 to 53 years. Factors influencing extent ovarian follicle reserve dwindling, such sociodemographic, menstrual, reproductive, dietary factors. Aim Objective: present aimed determine mean find out various factors...

This crosssectional study was conducted for a period of one year on 200 postmenopausal women attending Gynaecology outpatient department to evaluate the age at menopause and prevalence of menopausal symptoms, also to determine the awareness and attitude towards menopause and the treatment seeking behavior among these women. Eligible women were interviewed using a pretested, self-designed oral, ...

Various studies have investigated potential predictors of age at natural menopause but have produced inconsistent results. The relationship between age at natural menopause and socioeconomic, reproductive, and health behavioral factors was evaluated using longitudinal data from 5961 Australian female twins, aged 17 to 88 years at the time of study. The sample consisted of women voluntarily enro...

OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate associations between variations in genes involved in the metabolism of environmental chemicals and steroid hormones and risk of menopause in smokers. METHODS Survival analysis was performed on 410 eligible participants from the Penn Ovarian Aging study (ongoing for 14 years), a cohort study of late-reproductive-age women. Single nucleotide polymorphisms a...

The molecular mechanisms for the discrepancy in outcome of initiating estrogen therapy (ET) around peri-menopause or several years after menopause in women are unknown. We hypothesize that the level of expression of a dominant negative estrogen receptor (ER) β variant, ERβ2, may be a key factor determining the effectiveness of ET in post-menopausal women. We tested this hypothesis in ovariectom...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To analyse the relationship between menstrual and reproductive factors and the risk of low bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN This was a population based screening programme carried out between 1991 and 1993 among 1373 perimenopausal women in northern Italy by means of dual photon absorptiometry at the lumbar spine. MAIN RESULTS BMD was strongly related to the age at menopau...

A long-standing, but unproven hypothesis is that menopause symptoms cause cognitive difficulties during the menopause transition. This 6-year longitudinal cohort study of 1,903 midlife US women (2000-2006) asked whether symptoms negatively affect cognitive performance during the menopause transition and whether they are responsible for the negative effect of perimenopause on cognitive processin...