Mixing models have become increasingly common tools for apportioning fluvial sediment load to various sediment sources across catchments using a wide variety of Bayesian and frequentist modeling approaches. In this study, we demonstrate how different model setups can impact upon resulting source apportionment estimates in a Bayesian framework via a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) sensitivity analys...

For the purposes of developing optimal emissions control strategies, efficient approaches are needed to identify the major sources or groups of sources that contribute to elevated ozone (O3) concentrations. Source-based apportionment techniques implemented in photochemical grid models track sources through the physical and chemical processes important to the formation and transport of air pollu...

The allocation of seats in a legislative body to groups based on their size is crucial issue legal and political studies. However, recent findings suggest that an optimal may not be proportional the groups. For instance, European Parliament (EP) utilizes subproportional system known as degressive proportionality. Unfortunately, current apportionment methods for EP lack rigorous axiomatic analys...

different approaches of source apportionment of dust fractions have been reported world-over. predicting source categories within receptor chemical profiles using regression and factor analysis using pca has been reported to evaluate possible source/routes of air pollution mass. the present study is focused on the application of all three approaches to investigate higher degrees of significance...

Different approaches of source apportionment of dust fractions have been reported world-over. Predicting source categories within receptor chemical profiles using regression and factor analysis using PCA has been reported to evaluate possible source/routes of air pollution mass. The present study is focused on the application of all three approaches to investigate higher degrees of significance...

The rst section recalls the de nitions of risk apportionment. Section 2 introduces notation and section 3 de nes ambiguity apportionment. Section 4 gives results for secondorder expected utility and multiplier preferences and in section 5, a way to adapt the de nitions to ambiguity models with non-expected utility under risk is proposed. Finally, section 6 presents simple models of precautionar...

The biproportional apportionment problem (BAP) must be faced in many proportional electoral systems where seats must be allocated to parties within regions. BAP is a non trivial optimization problem, and only sophisticated algorithms are currently available for solving it. The issue is: are they “writable” as an actual law? Citizens rightly demand simple, easy to understand, voting systems. The...

Biproportional apportionment methods provide two-way proportionality in electoral systems where the electoral region is subdivided into electoral districts. The problem is to assign integral values to the elements of a matrix that are proportional to a given input matrix, and such that a set of rowand column-sum requirements are fulfilled. In a divisor-based method for biproportional apportionm...

We analyze mathematical properties of apportionment functions in the context of allocating seats in the European Parliament. Some exemplary families of such functions are specified and the corresponding allocations of seats among the Member States of the European Union are presented. We show that the constitutional constraints for the apportionment are so strong that the admissible functions le...

In this paper, we consider optimal tax enforcement policy in the presence of pro…t shifting towards tax havens. We show that, under separate accounting, tax enforcement levels may be too high due to negative …scal externalities. In contrast, under formula apportionment, tax enforcement is likely to be too low due to positive externalities of tax enforcement. Our results challenge recent contrib...