We present a novel attack targeting anonymizing systems. The attack involves placing a malicious relay node inside an anonymizing system and keeping legitimate nodes “busy.” We achieve this by creating circular circuits and injecting fraudulent packets, crafted in a way that will make them spin an arbitrary number of times inside our artificial loops. At the same time we inject a small number o...

Nearly half a century ago, military organizations introduced “Tempest” emission-security test standards to control information leakage from unintentional electromagnetic emanations of digital electronics. The nature of these emissions has changed with evolving technology; electromechanic devices have vanished and signal frequencies increased several orders of magnitude. Recently published eaves...

This paper looks at two theories of polarity licensing that utilize a downward entailment relation (DE) in their explanations of the polarity item distribution question. I illustrate that various compromising adverbs such as pretty much, virtually, practically, basically, etc., disrupt downward entailment yet do not interfere with polarity licensing, which raises problems for theories depending...