this study aimed to investigate the relationship between race horse breed and the frequency of limb injuries through the time of training and racing. the study population consisted of 4042 thoroughbred and 2553 arabian horses raced at warsaw race track, from 2000 to 2008. among these horses, 94 thoroughbreds and 32 arabians had different limb injuries. based on the achieved results, it is possi...

hypertonicity is the most common type of cerebral palsy consists of 85% of the affected children. it has a very complex nature making intervention and management very difficult. this article tries to make reader familiar with various types of intervention and introduce a new intervention process to help clinicians decide better. literature was reviewed with two criteria including: identifying v...

introduction: estimation of stature is one of the most important fields in forensic medicine. also it is of particular interest to anthropologists and anatomist. our aim was to investigate the relationship between stature and the length of lower limb and foot to derive a regression formula for estimating the stature. methods: three anthropometric measurements stature, lower limb length (lll) an...

elephantiasis nostras verrucosa (env) is a rare condition in which hyperkeratosis, fibrosis and disfiguration of dermis occurs. it is caused mostly by non infectious diseases such as surgery, trauma, tumors, and venous obstructions. to our knowledge there is not any case report of env in middle east region. in this patient, env caused by trauma and patient presented with enlargement of right lo...

We have produced a spectrum of limb defects in developing mouse embryos by exposing the mother to smoke from cigarettes with different nicotine concentrations, ethanol, and a combination of ethanol and cigarette smoke. The critical time of exposure was determined to be during day 10 of gestation (vaginal plug=day 0). This time is prior to the critical events which occur between the apical e...

objectives: stroke, is one of the major causes of disability in adults. so, the patient may prefer to use the non-involved limb to perfom selfcare & named this phenomen learned non used. constraint induced therapy is one of the rehabilitative interventions that can be effective in restoration of the function of the involved limb in some hemiparetic post stroke patients. purpose of this study wa...

introduction: transtibial amputation is the most common amputation in lower limbs. volume loss of residual limb occurs during daily use of prostheses, which results in pistoning between residual limb and prosthetic socket. the goal of this study was to design and fabricate a pneumatic suspension system in transtibial supracondylar prostheses and to evaluate its effect on residual limb pistoning...

Purpose: Microgravity causes major changes in various systems of the body in space, such as shift in cerebrospinal fluid, decreased red blood cells count, and electrolyte loss. These complications are very important in space and we should find new approaches to prevent the side effects of microgravity in astronauts. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 21 adult ma...

background activities of daily living (adl) are an important indicator of health and independence in the elderly. it provides useful information for proper planning in the field of elderly care. trauma in the elderly population is frequent and negatively affects the independence in adl. objectives the purpose of the present study was to evaluate elderly independence in activities of daily livin...

background activities of daily living (adl) are an important indicator of health and independence in elderly. it provides useful information for proper planning in the field of elderly care. trauma in elderly population is frequent and can negatively affect the independence in adl. objectives the purpose of the present study was to evaluate elderly independence in activities of daily living (ad...