In this paper, we discuss the analysis of students’ evaluation, especially in the case of the students’ answerscripts under the evaluation grade of linguistic data. We transfer mostly linguistic data, subjective message into triangular fuzzy numbers, and use the function principle instead of the extension principle to calculate the students’ score. In addition to, we use the degree of similarit...

Subproject 2 consisted of three sets of studies that focused on the transfer of language skills in Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs). The first two sets of studies followed students across multiple years, examining the cross-linguistic, intra-linguistic and developmental factors that influence second language literacy development. The third set of studies was an intervention des...

This paper used the Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) world ranking points data to examine how linguistic heterogeneity has an impact on technology transfer from the most developed countries. The major findings are: (1) the learning effect from the most developed countries on team performance is larger for developing countries than for developed countries. (2) Linguistic h...

In the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), the role of transfer has been theorized and studied to account for the influence of the native language on an interlanguage. However, stemming from behaviorist mentality, the concept of transfer has become widely associated with the direct transfer of habits and fails to take into consideration other cross-linguistic influences (CLI) that shape...

The lexical transfer phase is the most crucial step in MT because most of difficult problems are caused by lexical differences between two languages. In order to treat lexical issues systematically in transfer-based MT systems, we introduce the concept of bilingual-sings which are defined by pairs of equivalent monolingual signs. The bilingual signs not only relate the local linguistic structur...

One of the interesting issues regarding BIPA learning process is how similarities and differences source target languages (Indonesian language) are related to students’ understanding Indonesian language. This study what known as a cross-linguistic transfer. paper reviews theoretically transfer in Language for Foreign Speakers). employed descriptive-qualitative method. A qualitative method was u...

Abstract The grain size of orthographic representations prompted by a consistent orthography (like Spanish or Basque) increases if reading is simultaneously learned in another language with an inconsistent French). Here, we aimed to identify item properties that trigger this grain-size accommodation bilingual reading. Twenty-five French–Basque and 25 Spanish–Basque children attending Grade 3 re...