Blockchain-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) envisions a world with rapid development and implementations to change our everyday lives based on smart devices. These devices are attached the internet that can communicate each other without human interference. A well-known wireless network in blockchain-enabled IoT frameworks is Low Power Lossy Network (LLN) uses novel protocol known as Routing fo...

The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) was standardised by the IETF ROLL Working Group to address routing issues in Internet of Things (IoT) (LLNs). RPL builds maintains a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) topology using pieces information propagated within DODAG Information Object (DIO) control message. When node intends join DODAG, it either waits D...

In low-power and lossy networks (LLNs), power-constrained devices consume most of power to communicate with their neighbors. To save power, traditional MAC protocols usually turn off RF transceivers while there is no radio communication. Since RF transceivers consume most of their energy in idle listening, turning RF transceivers off can save significant amount of energy. However, delay of pack...

IP-based sensor networks provide interoperability, but experience shows that interoperability between different protocol implementations is not a binary property. Instead, subtle differences in implementation choices may affect the performance of the resulting system. We present our experiences with the Contiki and TinyOS implementations of the IPv6 stack for low-power and lossy (LLN) networks ...

The Ad hoc On-demand Distance-Vector routing protocol (AODV) was published in 2003 by the IETF, as experimental RFC 3561. This routing protocol was one of four routing protocols, developed by the IETF for use in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) – with the other being DSR, TBRPF and OLSR. As operational experiences with these protocols accumulated, the IETF set forth on standardization of OLSRv2,...

Low-power and lossy (LLN) networks, including Wireless Sensor Networks, provide an important building block for Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The resource constraints associated with LLN devices necessitate the redesign of a number of basic Internet protocols. This paper evaluates the effect of packet fragmentation on the performance of protocols redesigned for LLN systems. We focus on t...

The next percentile point of process optimization yields hundreds of billions of savings, and will be gained by leveraging the collection of currently unused measurements by widely distributed sensing devices and analytic capabilities. Gathering and processing this unused data will require the combination of the best of IT and OT technologies together, forming the IT/OT convergence, aka the Ind...

The wide deployment of lower-cost wireless devices will significantly improve the productivity and safety of industrial plants while increasing the efficiency of plant workers by extending the information set available about the plant operations. The aim of this document is to analyze the functional requirements for a routing protocol used in industrial Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) of fi...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is aimed to provide efficient and seamless connectivity a large number low-power low-cost embedded devices, consequently, the routing protocols play fundamental role in achieving these goals. IETF has recently standardized IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy Networks (RPL) LLNs (i.e., Low-power Networks) well-accepted among community. However, RPL was proposed...

The IETF developed the RPL routing protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL allows for automated setup and maintenance of the routing tree for a meshed network using a common objective, such as energy preservation or most stable routes. To handle failing nodes and other communication disturbances, RPL includes a number of error correction functions for such situations. These error ...