Mobile communication systems now constitute an essential part of life throughout the world. Fourth generation “Long Term Evolution” (LTE) mobile communication networks are being deployed. The LTE suite of specifications is considered to be significantly better than its predecessors not only in terms of functionality but also with respect to security and privacy for subscribers. We carefully ana...

As a next generation of Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway (GSM-R), 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE)/ LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is considered for railroad wireless communication, i.e., LTE-Railway (LTE-R). Railroad wireless communication has its own requirements and functions since railroad wireless communication is very closely related to safety. In...

Coexistence of Wi-Fi and LTE in unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U) is recently drawing significant concern in industry. In this paper, we investigate the Wi-Fi performance in the presence of duty cycle based LTE-U transmission on the same channel. More specifically, one LTE-U cell and one Wi-Fi basic service set (BSS) coexist by allowing LTE-U devices transmit their signals only in predetermined duty ...

The era of new wireless communications is upon us. Eventually it will penetrate into our daily life and change the way we live just like many technological innovations whose original research came from the life needs. To achieve these requirements, the society of 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is presently evolving Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTEAdvanced) as a development of the stan...

The advanced cellular network, Long Term Evolution (LTE) which presently operates in licensed spectrum has been extended to Unlicensed LTE (U-LTE) by Qualcomm and Ericsson to improve data rate and spectral efficiency by utilizing unlicensed spectrum. Carrier Aggregation of 3GPP LTE-A supports the aggregation of licensed and unlicensed spectrum in small and femto cells to provide better user exp...

We study the formation of B i lines in a grid of cool stellar model atmospheres without the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (lte). The non-lte modelling includes the effect of other lines blending with the B i resonance lines. Except for the cases where the B i lines are very strong, the departures from lte relevant for the resonance lines can be described as an overionisation eff...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) was initially designed for a high data rates network. However, voice service is always a main service that brings a big benefit for mobile operators. Hence the deployment of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is very essential and urgent. LTE network is a fully All-IP network, thus, the deployment of VoLTE is very complex, specially for guaranteeing of Quality of Service (QoS) to ...

Augmenting the LTE evolved NodeB with cloud resources offers a low-latency, resilient, and LTE-aware environment for offloading the Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications. By means of devices memory replication, the IoT applications deployed at an LTE integrated edge cloud can scale its computing and storage requirements to support different resource-intensive service offerings. Des...

Repeaters have been an attractive solution for mobile operators to upgrade their wireless networks at low cost and to extend network coverage effectively. Since the first LTE commercial deployment in 2009, many mobile operators have launched LTE networks by upgrading their 3G and legacy networks. Because all 3G frequency bands are shared with the frequency bands for LTE deployment and 3G mobile...