Experiments were conducted to determine the discharge pattern of the pectoralis major muscle during pulmonary defensive reflexes in anesthetized cats (n = 15). Coughs and expiration reflexes were elicited by mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea or larynx. Augmented breaths occurred spontaneously or were evoked by the same mechanical stimuli. Electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded f...

Introduction Customary dissection in the Physical Therapy Anatomy Laboratory yielded a unilateral left-sided pectoral variation in a single cadaver. The cadaver was a 60-yearold Caucasian male. The variant included two separate thoracic wall muscles between the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles. One muscle was identified as a pectoralis quartus and the other as an accessory thoracic...

The white-ankled mouse (Peromyscus pectoralis) was previously known only from Carlsbad Caverns National Park and nearby areas in extreme southeastern New Mexico. I discovered 15 new localities for P. pectoralis, which extend its distribution 225 km north-northwest. This new distribution does not represent a recent northward expansion of P. pectoralis in New Mexico but reflects the lack of mamma...

Axillary nerve injury is a risk of the deltopectoral approach to the proximal humerus. The anterior motor branch is potentially vulnerable during subdeltoid dissection. Insertion of the pectoralis major tendon is an easily identifiable landmark on the humerus. This anatomical study explored whether the superior aspect of the pectoralis major tendon is a useful landmark for localizing the anteri...

BACKGROUND Implant malposition is becoming an increasingly recognized complication following subpectoral breast augmentation. Although several causes of medial malposition have been previously demonstrated, medial implant malposition secondary to unintended pectoralis muscle slips has not been previously described. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to describe a form of medial implant malpo...

A rare case of three muscle anomalies in the pectoral region was discovered during routine dissection of an 85-year-old female cadaver. The muscle anomalies include the congenital partial absence of the pectoralis major muscle, a sternalis muscle, and a pectoralis quartus muscle. All three variants presented on the right side. The pectoralis major muscle demonstrated a normal clavicular head bu...

In order to meet the varying demands of flight, pectoralis muscle power output must be modulated. In birds with pectoralis muscles with a homogeneous fibre type composition, power output can be modulated at the level of the motor unit (via changes in muscle length trajectory and the pattern of activation), at the level of the muscle (via changes in the number of motor units recruited), and at t...

PURPOSE Although the usual site of nonthrombotic venous obstruction of the upper extremity is the subclavian vein, other sites may be the cause of such obstruction. This study describes the diagnosis and treatment of six patients with partial axillary vein obstruction by the pectoralis minor muscle, a condition that can mimic subclavian vein obstruction. METHODS A chart review of patients und...

We present a case of a healthy young female with axillary vein compression caused by the pectoralis minor muscle. Diagnosis was made by clinical findings and dynamic venography. After pectoralis minor tenotomy, the patient had total resolution of her symptoms. Compression of the axillary vein by the pectoralis minor is a rare entity that needs a careful exam and imaging to reach its diagnosis a...

INTRODUCTION Many case reports have described anatomical variants of the pectoralis muscles. However, there is a paucity of published literature on the consequence of such presentations in reconstructive breast surgery. METHODS A 45-year-old female patient with breast cancer presented for left mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with tissue expander. During mastectomy, she was noted to ha...