Computer models of the musculoskeletal system frequently represent the force-length behavior of muscle with a lumped-parameter model. Lumped-parameter models use simple geometric shapes to characterize the arrangement of muscle fibers and tendon; this may inaccurately represent changes in fiber length and the resulting force-length behavior, especially for muscles with complex architecture. The...

The concept of approximate dynamic programming and adaptive critic neural network based optimal controller is extended in this study to include systems governed by partial differential equations. An optimal controller is synthesized for a dispersion type tubular chemical reactor, which is governed by two coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. It consists of three steps: First, empiri...

The present paper extends the so-called Effective Process Time (EPT) approach to single server flowlines with finite buffers and blocking. The power of the EPT approach is that it quantifies variability in workstation process times without the need to identify each of the contributing disturbances, and that it directly provides an algorithm for the actual computation of EPTs. It is shown that E...

Anderson and Bowser [1986], hereafter referred to as AB, presented a very interesting paper on the study of the role of groundwater in delaying lake acidification i Wisconsin. By considering the input/output of hydrogen ion with respect o the aquifer, including nonconservative transport through the use of the retardation factor, the effect of a delay in the arrival of acid to the lake is demons...