Two related bet-hedging hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of multiple mating by females. The first examines fitness of females within a single type of environment, and predicts that multiple mating can increase fitness by reducing the probability that all of a female’s eggs are fertilized by a poor-quality male. The second examines fitness across environments and predicts t...

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.05.004 0003-3472/© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevie license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) It is becoming increasingly clear that copulation does not necessarily always lead to offspring production in many organisms, despite fertilization success presumably being under both strong natural and sexual selection. In the seed bug Lygaeus...