The economic realities of productivity, quality and reliability for the industrial societies of the 21th century are placing major demands on existing manufacturing technologies. To meet both present and anticipated requirements, new and improved methods are needed. To be e!ective, the measurement, electronics and control components, and sub-systems, in particular sensors and sensor systems, ha...

In a strapdown magnetic compass, heading angle is estimated using the Earth's magnetic field measured by Three-Axis Magnetometers (TAM). However, due to several inevitable errors in the magnetic system, such as sensitivity errors, non-orthogonal and misalignment errors, hard iron and soft iron errors, measurement noises and local magnetic fields, there are large error between the magnetometers'...

presently there are a number of fine and sensitive methods for determining chemical or biochemical substance among which bio electrodes represent the most recent development. bioelectrodes consist of biologically active materials (e.g enzyme, antibody, whole cell or cell fragments) held in close proximity to a suitable electrochemical transducer that sense specific electroactive enzyme substrat...

Protein detection and quantification is routinely performed in laboratories around the world for in-vitro diagnostics. Many different sensing platforms, such as mass spectrometry, optical biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, magnetic biosensors, etc., have been developed for quantitatively detection. The sandwich immunoassay is widely used as a labeled detection method due to its high specif...

This review discusses the propetties d magnetic field sensors based on semiconduclors, such as Hall generators and magnetoresislors, and on magnetic metals, such as permalloy and the recently discovered 'giant magnetoresistance' metallic multilayers. Some emphasis is placed on the comparison between sensors made using these different technologies. Applications of magnetic field sensors in magne...