The gap between a metal crown and an abutment tooth often leads to troubles such as secondary caries, pulpitis, periodontitis and so on. We expected that newly developed adhesive resins which adhere both dental alloy and tooth structure can minimize such troubles if they were used as setting materials of prosthetics. In this study, the degree of marginal leakage of adhesive resins was compared ...

We use population genetic models to investigate the cooperative and conflicting synergistic fitness effects between genes from the nucleus and the mitochondrion. By varying fitness parameters, we examine the scope for conflict relative to cooperation among genomes and the utility of the "gene's eye view" analytical approach, which is based on the marginal average fitness of specific alleles. Be...

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In many plants and animal species, asexuals are more common in marginal habitats such as high latitudes or altitudes than their closely related sexual counterparts. Here we propose a new hypothesis to explain this pattern called “geographic parthenogenesis”. In marginal habitats, populations may often exist as metapopulations with high degrees of subdivision and local extinction and recolonizat...

Suppose that in symmetric aggregative games, in which payoffs depend only on a player’s strategy and on an aggregate of all players’ strategies, players have conjectures about the reaction of the aggregate to marginal changes in their strategy. The players play a conjectural variation equilibrium, which determines their fitness payoffs. The paper shows that only consistent conjectures can be ev...

We study multilocus polymorphism under selection, using a class of fitness functions that account for additive, dominant, and pairwise additive-by-additive epistatic interactions. The dynamic equations are derived in terms of allele frequencies and disequilibria, using the notions of marginal systems and marginal fitnesses, without any approximations. Stationary values of allele frequencies and...

A new recombination operator, called Gene Pool Recombination (GPR) is introduced. In GPR, the genes are randomly picked from the gene pool defined by the selected parents. The mathematical analysis of GPR is easier than for two-parent recombination (TPR) normally used in genetic algorithms. There are n difference equations for the marginal gene frequencies that describe the evolution of a popul...