Bhaskar defines the philosopher differently: the philosopher observes the scientist, and sees that the scientist is able to expand knowledge about the world using the methods he is using. The philosopher concludes from this: obviously, the world is such that the methods applied by the scientists allow them to gain knowledge about it. This tells us something very important about the world. The p...

In his 1995 introduction to Marxism and Christianity, Alasdair MacIntyre claimed that Marxism ‘is the only secular post-enlightenment doctrine to have’ a metaphysical and moral scope comparable to that of Christianity. This was not meant as a mere academic point, for Marxism: An Interpretation (the title of the first, 1953, edition of Marxism and Christianity) was written as a contribution to w...

First, this article will outline the metaphysics of "the social" that implicitly and explicitly connects the work of classical and contemporary cosmopolitan sociologists as different as Durkheim, Weber, Beck and Luhmann. In a second step, I will show that the cosmopolitan outlook of classical sociology is driven by exclusive differences. In understanding human affairs, both classical sociology ...

Although Motahari is not a political thinker but analyzing his political ideas and believes amongst the ideas of Iranian political thinkers in the last 5 decades is indeed essential because Motahari’s political standpoint has a key role in Islamic revolution of Iran. This paper regards Motahari''s vision to his time and studies his writings according to the questions he faced and posed in his t...

This text aims to question the current “post-Fordist” model, after defining the former Fordism, and showing some latter configurations of “post-Fordism” in Britain, France, Germany and Japan. The compilation of knowledge concerning the organization of work was developed, first of all, by F. W. Taylor, based on technical and scientific methods and on the division of work. Nowadays, many expressi...