Hemoptysis is the expectoration of gross blood or blood-streaked sputum. Hemoptysis is classified as massive or nonmassive based on the rate of bleeding. Expectoration of less than 100 mL of blood in a 24-hour period is considered nonmassive hemoptysis. The definition of massive hemoptysis varies widely in the literature, ranging between 100 and 600 mL of blood in a 24-hour period; however, the...

I njury, intentional and unintentional, is one of the main causes of death for adult Americans. Further, from 1999 to 2003, injury was the main cause of premature mortality (measured as potential years of life lost), ahead of malignancy and heart disease, for Americans who died before their 65th birthday. Injuries that cause massive hemorrhage are often associated with the highest mortality rat...