We examine trends since 1980 in material extraction in China, India, Indonesia, and Japan—which together contain over 40% of the world’s population—to assess the environmental consequences of modernization. Economic and population growth has driven rapid expansion of material extraction in China, India, and Indonesia since 1980. China and India exhibit patterns consistent with the Jevons parado...

BACKGROUND This study performed optimized extraction, preliminary characterization, and in vitro antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three parameters (extraction temperature, ratio of water to raw material, and extraction time) were optimized for yields of G. uralensis polysaccharides (GUP) using response surface methodology with Box-...

In this paper, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens were studied by HPLC-photodiode array detection. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as concentration of extraction solvent, ratio of liquid to material, microwave power, extraction temperature, and extraction time on the extraction efficiencies of oxymatrine were evaluated. The optimal extract...

Gentisides are a class of chemical compounds which is considered as potential therapeutic substance for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The heat reflux extraction conditions were optimized for seven kinds of gentisides from the root and rhizome of Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl. by employing response surface method. Based on univariate test, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied...

In this work, our objective was to examine methods for processing cashew nut shell liquid and cashew shell with carbon dioxide and water. Supercritical CO2 was applied for extraction of split cashew shells and near-critical water was applied for reaction of the cashew shell material. In the extractions, it was found that a pressurization-depressurization step that was approximately 1 h gave ext...

modified bubble column extraction with ultrasonic bath (bce-ub) method was used to extract atropine from the stem and leaves of atropa belladonna. optimum condition were obtained with kamada solvent which was chloroform-methanol-ammonia 15:15:1(v/v/v) as extraction solvent, the particle size of  less than  350 µm, an extraction time of 23.95 min, a liquor to material ratio of 15.08 ml/g and  an...