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This study investigates the empirical validity of the material deprivation indices (MDIs) using a partial criterion variable, namely UHCNIR (unmet health care need due to inadequate resources). This alternative approach helps to assess absolute validity (Type I and II errors) and sources of error in the measurement of poverty for a specific aspect of poverty (in this case inability to receive a...

BACKGROUND Although methadone has been used for the maintenance treatment of opioid dependence for decades, it was not introduced in China or Taiwan until 2000s. Methadone-drug interactions (MDIs) have been shown to cause many adverse effects. However, such effects have not been scrutinized in the ethnic Chinese community. METHODS The study was performed in two major hospitals in southern Tai...

The delivery of inhalation-based formulations is achieved by devices that fall into three segments: nebulizers, metered dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs).2 There is much discussion about which device is most appropriate, though that discussion is well beyond the scope of this article. It is of note however, that MDIs and DPIs have been shown to function equally well when pati...

Insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII]) is now an established form of intensive insulin treatment. It is pertinent to ask, however, if multiple daily injection (MDI) regimens based on new long-acting insulin analogs such as glargine and detemir have now replaced the need for CSII. In type 1 diabetes, CSII reduces the frequency of severe hypoglycemia compared with ...

BACKGROUND To study the transition from metered dose inhalers using chlorofluorocarbons as propellants (CFC-MDIs) to non-CFC containing devices, a systematic review was conducted of clinical trials which compared the delivery of salbutamol and terbutaline via CFC-MDIs and non-CFC devices. METHODS Papers were selected by searching electronic databases (Medline, Cochrane, and BIDS) and further ...

Implant retained mandibular overdentures are a successful treatment option for the edentulous patients with long-term predictable outcomes, using conventional loading protocols. In recent year modified loading protocols such as immediate loading have been introduced. These loading protocols showed good clinical results with favorable peri-implant tissue response after implant insertion. However...

Inhaled aerosol drugs commonly used by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include short-acting and long-acting bronchodilators, as well as corticosteroids. These agents are available in a variety of inhaler devices, which include metered-dose inhalers (MDI), breath-actuated MDIs, nebulizers, and, currently, 5 different models of dry powder inhaler (DPI). There is evidence to su...

OBJECTIVE To identify incorrect inhaler techniques employed by patients with respiratory diseases in southern Brazil and to profile the individuals who make such errors. METHODS This was a population-based, cross-sectional study involving subjects ≥ 10 years of age using metered dose inhalers (MDIs) or dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in 1,722 households in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. RESULTS We...

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical effectiveness of pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) with that of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in delivering short-acting b2-agonists in children with asthma. METHODS Searches were performed in Medline (1997-March 2002), the Cochrane Library Database and the Embase reference lists of review articles and clinical trials. In addition, the international headq...