markowitz, in his portfolio selection theory, stated that investors select their portfolios according to two criteria of risk and return. accordingly, he presented his mathematical model. one of the criticisms of this model is that while investors, practically, consider different criteria in forming their portfolios, it only considers the return mean and return standard deviation. liquidity is ...

We shall be testing hypotheses about the population mean (it is assumed we know the variance of the population). We shall fail to reject the hypotesis if the obseved sample mean (x-bar) is close to the hypothesized population mean (μ). We will shall reject the hypothesis if the observed sample mean (x-bar) is far from the hypothesized population mean (μ). Distance will be measured in standard d...

As regards decreasing cotton cultivation in Iran during these years, the degree of risk taken by a cotton cultivator in the agricultural part is important. The studies showed that the cotton crop yield during the past years did not have enough growth and the cotton cost product in the period of study cotton production costs, has increased. In this paper, the risk orientation of cotton cultivato...