This paper examines the validity of some stylized statements that can be found in the actuarial literature about random effects models. Specifically, the actual meaning of the estimated parameters and the nature of the residual heterogeneity are discussed. A numerical illustration performed on a Belgian motor third party liability portfolio supports this discussion.

We show how to generalize Lyons’ rough paths theory in order to give a pathwise meaning to some non-linear infinite-dimensional evolution equations associated to an analytic semigroup and driven by an irregular noise. As an illustration, we apply the theory to a class of 1d SPDEs driven by a space-time fractional Brownian motion.

Reasoning about computer programs requires that program variables have well defined meaning. An imperative program may associate different values with a variable X depending on the state of its execution. This is not true of purely functional programs, which model computation using a composition of state-to-state transformations. By way of illustration, consider a program which sums the first N...

This paper considers the implications for philosophy of some recent approaches to pragmatics (with a focus on relevance theory) and makes two main points. First, the widening gap between sentence meaning and speaker’s meaning increasingly brings into question a basic assumption of much philosophy of language: that linguistic semantics provides direct insight into the structure of human thoughts...

The existence of multiple meanings the implementation Bengkulu Tabot tradition is main background for writing this article. This meaning implements ceremony and changes its function. Thus article aims to reveal dynamics changing historically. a qualitative research using historical methods including heuristics, verification, interpretation, historiography. From results analysis, it known that a...

The paper presents the Meaning-Text linguistic theory, a theoretical framework for the construction of models of natural languages, called Meaning-Text Models. Since its beginnings, in the 1960’s, the Meaning-Text theory has placed strong emphasis on semantics and considered natural language primarily as a tool for expressing meaning. This basic insight underlies its interest in linguistic synt...

Recently, there has been great interest both in the development of cross-linguistically applicable annotation schemes and in the application of syntactic parsers at web scale to create parsebanks of online texts. The combination of these two trends to create massive, consistently annotated parsebanks in many languages holds enormous potential for the quantitative study of many linguistic phenom...

This paper presents a Chinese dependency syntax for treebanking. The syntax contains 13 word classes and 34 dependency types. A format of treebank based on the syntax is also proposed for the applications of computational and general linguistic research. Some experiments show that the treebank based on the proposed dependency syntax can be used for training and evaluating the dependency parser ...

abstract        the role of visual media and audience is one of major issues in the contemporary world. one of the most important approaches by which this can be achieved, the defamiliarization. methods used in this approach disturbing visual habits and visual perception in the audience to make sense of wonder and amazement, and he is eager to see. this category of functional concepts is one of...