Micro-payment systems are becoming an important part of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. The main reason for this is to address the “free-rider” problem in most existing content sharing systems. We have developed a new micro-payment system for content sharing in P2P networks called P2P-Netpay. This is an offline, debit based protocol that provides a secure, flexible, usable and reliable credit serv...

List of boxes Box 1: Gender and micro-finance: contrasting paradigms Box 2: Framework for empowerment Box 3: Underlying vision and essential elements of a gender policy for empowerment Box 4: Financial sustainability and empowerment: potentially positive interlinkages Box 5: Conditions of micro-finance delivery: some access, poverty alleviation and empowerment questions Box 6: Rethinking good p...

empowering rural women is one of the third millennium goals. to this end it was proposed to allot micro credits to rural women in order to provide the required capital to launch productive careers. now after a decade from the establishment of micro credit funds in iran, only few researches have been done to give a rank to them. the present research is conducted through survey method to rank mic...

Disclaimer The analysis and conclusions of this document are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the official position of the AFD or its partner institutions. Foreword The " Impact Analyses " series aims to comprise works resulting from impact evaluations, and more largely, retrospective analyses of final results obtained in the framework of development policies or interventio...

Credit scoring is perceived as an important innovation for microfinance institutions in managing the credit risk of their clients. Increase in defaults has necessitated microfinance institutions to improve their credit analysis by incorporating objective procedures. Various studies have confirmed that credit scoring can increase efficiency and reduce costs for microfinance. However, the take up...

SMEs in developing countries play significant role in the economic activities of those nations. SMEs provide income for many low income households especially in the informal sector. Notwithstanding their contributions, SME entrepreneurs face serious financial challenges which have led to poverty among them. For SMEs to overcome their financial challenges, Micro Finance Institutions have emerged...

Credit derivatives are the latest in a series of innovations that have had a significant impact on credit markets. Using a micro data set of individual corporate loans, this paper explores whether use of credit derivatives is associated with an increase in bank credit supply. We find evidence that greater use of credit derivatives is associated with greater supply of bank credit for large term ...

We investigate the effect of credit constraints on the growth of exports at the micro level. We develop a stylized dynamic model showing credit constraints play a key role in early stages of exporting, but not in later stages. Our empirical results using product level data on exports to twelve European Union members and the U.S. support the model’s predictions: exports from more credit constrai...