In addition to epiretinal and subretinal areas, the optic nerve (ON) is also a candidate location for implanting visual prosthesis to restore vision of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Since the ON receives all the signals from the retina, stimulating the ON may potentially evoke phosphenes over a wider range of visual field. In this study, we designed a 9-channel microelectrode array a...

Microelectrode arrays and microprobes have been widely utilized to measure neuronal activity, both in vitro and in vivo. The key advantage is the capability to record and stimulate neurons at multiple sites simultaneously. However, unlike the single-cell or single-channel resolution of intracellular recording, microelectrodes detect signals from all possible sources around every sensor. Here, w...

Recording a neural ensemble has been an extremely successful experimental paradigm allowing real-time interpretation of neural codes as well as the detection of dynamic changes within a process. In recent years, microfabricated electrodes have attracted a great deal of attention for recording neural ensembles with superior resolution and spatial density. A 3D microfabricated electrode is partic...

Procedures and results are described for multiplexed immunochemical assays using semiconductor microchips. The microchips used here are miniaturized arrays of individually addressable microelectrodes controlled by active CMOS circuitry. Electrode densities exceed 1000 per cm2. The array chips are coated with a porous reaction layer material to provide a ‘biofriendly’ milieu overlaying the elect...

A micro glucose sensor consisting of an interdigitated array gold microelectrode was developed. The interdigitated array structure, which has 10 microns band width and 10 microns band gap, was fabricated in a small region (2.5 x 5 mm2) on a quartz substrate. Glucose oxidase was chemically fixed onto the electrode surface through self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid; ferrocenea...

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the use of enzyme-based microelectrodes and amperometric methods to detect and quantify extracellular levels of choline and acetylcholine (ACh). Our focus will be on the application and evolution of these biosensor techniques for use in vivo rather than the electrochemical principles underlying their development and operation. For the lat...

Microelectrode arrays find broad application in electroanalysis offering the enhanced sensitivity associated with microelectrodes, but with a high total current output. Such arrays are often constructed to make the electrodes 'diffusionally independent'. To emphasize that this is a time dependent property, a two-dimensional simulation, in conjunction with the diffusional domain approach, is use...

The microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have become a valuable tool in the study of electrophysiological analysis vitro electrogenic cells. Aerosol-Jet Printing (AJP) is an alternative to traditional fabrication technique. AJP allows development flexible and customized devices. Here we present computational modelling method using Comsol Multiphysics, enhance design optimization printed array. outcomes...