nanotechnology involves the ability to see and control individual atoms and molecules which are about 100 nanometer or smaller. one of the major tools used in this field is atomic force microscopy which uses a wealth of techniques to measure the topography and investigates the surface forces in nanoscale. friction force is the representation of the surface interaction between two surfaces an...

The idea of worm tracking refers to the path analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes and is an important tool in neurobiology which helps to describe their behavior. Knowledge about nematode behavior can be applied as a model to study the physiological addiction process or other nervous system processes in animals and humans. Tracking is performed by using a special manipulator positioning...

The method of replicas has been applied to the study with the electron microscope of blood cells and bacteria. The results indicate that the method can reveal details of intracellular structures. Nuclei can be perceived, and also cytoplasmic bodies such as mitochondria and vacuoles.

THE purpose of this paper is to demonstrate an improved method of suturing corneal grafts. Technically, the first few sutures are especially difficult and frequently the graft suffers undesirable damage. This becomes quite obvious when one sees in the literature the multitude of devices available for fixing the donor graft. With the corneal transplant technique described below, trauma to the ti...

In ULSI fabrication, the design rule scaled up to 0.25um and the complex multiple layer structure prevent from applying the traditional optical microscope of which resolution is about 0.4um. Considering the situation, we have developed a ULSI inspection system based on the scanning parallel confocal microscope. In this paper, we present the feature of the computer aided parallel scanning confoc...

This paper explores a new application of structured illumination to determine the position of a microscope stage. Measuring stage position accurately is important for any experiment that spans multiple fields of view. The structured illumination pattern is provided by a design printed on the microscope slide or cover slip that modulates the image of the specimen. A novel application of frequenc...