A broad stream of research strives to understand stress directly or indirectly resulting from the use information and communication technology (ICT), commonly referred as technostress. group at high risk suffering consequences technostress is adolescents because they grow up using ICT daily are still developing their identity, acquiring mental strength, adopting essential social skills. Our com...

Directed motivational current (DMC) ̶ as a novel strand in L2 motivational field ̶ is a robust motivational drive fueled by a highly valued goal and capable of stimulating and sustaining long-term behavior. The present study explored English as a foreign language students’ Directed Motivational Currents by validating the dynamic web-based Persian version of the scale, finding the most crucial mot...