While several methods for automatic essay scoring (AES) for the English language have been proposed, systems for other languages are unusual. To this end, we propose in this paper a multi-aspect AES system for Brazilian Portuguese which we apply to a collection of essays, which human experts evaluated according to the five aspects defined by the Brazilian Government for the National High School...

In this paper, we present a text evaluation system for students to improve Basque or Spanish writing skills. The system uses Natural Language Processing techniques to evaluate essays by detecting specific measures. The application uses a client-server architecture and both the interface and the application itself are multilingual. The article also explains how the system can be adapted to evalu...

Neural network models have recently been applied to the task of automatic essay scoring, giving promising results. Existing work used recurrent neural networks and convolutional neural networks to model input essays, giving grades based on a single vector representation of the essay. On the other hand, the relative advantages of RNNs and CNNs have not been compared. In addition, different parts...

The psycholinguistic branch of speech perception research is principally concerned with the study of spoken-word recognition. As a separate area of research, spokenword recognition boasts a scant quarter-century of history. Nonetheless, the field has grown and changed in many ways d in ing that time. This brief essay makes no a t tempt to survey the field, or to isolate its principal current co...

In this essay, we innovatively put forward the idea of “NFT-ing NFT.” A standard on “divisible NFTs” will allow hundreds millions future metaverse inhabitants to share ownership and collectively be user creator items. The first NFT” is NFT non-fungible tokens with a single, consistent representation. These NFTs include music, movies, virtual real estate, club membership, so on. For example, son...

In large classrooms with limited teacher time, there is a need for automatic evaluation of text answers and real-time personalized feedback during the learning process. In this paper, we discuss Amrita Test Evaluation & Scoring Tool (A-TEST), a text evaluation and scoring tool that learns from course materials and from human-rater scored text answers and also directly from teacher input. We use...

Various computer tools have been developed to support educators’ assessment of student writing, including automated essay scoring and automated writing evaluation systems. Research demonstrates that these systems exhibit relatively high scoring accuracy but uncertain instructional efficacy. Students’ writing proficiency does not necessarily improve as a result of interacting with the software. ...

E-rater has been used by the Educational Testing Service for automated essay scoring since 1999. This paper describes a new version of e-rater that differs from the previous one (V.1.3) with regard to the feature set and model building approach. The paper describes the new version, compares the new and previous versions in terms of performance, and presents evidence on the validity and reliabil...

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been quite popular and is being widely used. However, lack of appropriate methodology for rating nonnative English speakers’ essays has meant a lopsided advancement in this field. In this paper, we report initial results of our experiments with nonnative AES that learns from manual evaluation of nonnative essays. For this purpose, we conducted an exercise in wh...

Most of the current automated essay scoring (AES) systems are trained using manually graded essays from a specific prompt. These systems experience a drop in accuracy when used to grade an essay from a different prompt. Obtaining a large number of manually graded essays each time a new prompt is introduced is costly and not viable. We propose domain adaptation as a solution to adapt an AES syst...