The tree-line ecotone in the Southern Urals is mostly formed by monospecific stands of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.). Spruce is an ecologically plastic, cold-tolerant species that presents various growth forms. Moreover, its growth is further affected by stressful environment factors, including low temperatures, snowless winters, and strong winds. Thus, the morphological variability of...

Determining the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to phenotypic variation is critical for understanding the evolutionary ecology of plant species, but few studies have examined the sources of phenotypic differentiation between nearby populations of woody plants. We conducted reciprocal transplant experiments to examine sources of variation in growth rate, form, surviva...

In this paper we present an approach to reduce data sparsity problems when translating from morphologically rich languages into less inflected languages by selectively stemming certain word types. We develop and compare three different integration strategies: replacing words with their stemmed form, combined input using alternative lattice paths for the stemmed and surface forms and a novel hid...

Clinical experience of impaction bone grafting for revision knee arthroplasty is limited, with initial stability of the tibial tray emerging as a major concern. The length of the stem and its diameter have been altered to improve stability. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the type of stem, support of the rim and graft impaction on early stability of the tray. We developed a system for ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A shortened tibial stem could influence the early prosthetic fixation. We therefore compared the short stem to the standard-length stem using radiostereometric analysis (RSA) as primary outcome measure. PATIENTS AND METHODS 60 patients were randomized to receive a cemented Triathlon total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a tibial tray of either standard or short stem length...

The massive grow of the modern information retrieval system (IRS), especially in natural languages becomes more difficult. The search in Arabic languages, as natural language, is not good enough yet. This paper will try to build similar thesaurus based on Arabic language in two mechanisms, the first one is full word mechanisms and the other is stemmed mechanisms, and then to compare between the...