The literature describes multimodal pain-management programs as successful therapy options in the conservative treatment of chronic low back pain. Yet, the intensity and inclusion criteria of such programs remain debatable. In many studies, the pain originating from spinal structures is described as nonspecific low back pain - a diffuse diagnosis without serious implications. The purpose of thi...

Adequate postoperative pain control in patients who have undergone total joint arthroplasty allows faster rehabilitation and reduces the rate of postoperative complications. Multimodal pain management involves the introduction of adjunctive pain control methods in an attempt to control pain with less reliance on opioids and fewer side effects. Current research suggests that traditional nonstero...

Pain management in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) is continually evolving, with several new nonopioids expanding the list of available agents. Pain in the PACU is not an inevitable outcome of surgery. With careful planning, multimodal analgesic techniques instituted preoperatively will reduce pain in the PACU. Accurate assessment of the characteristics of pain will direct rational drug cho...

Ambulatory surgery is on the rise, with an unmet need for optimum pain control in ambulatory surgery centers worldwide. It is important that there is a proportionate increase in the availability of acute pain-management services to match the rapid rise of clinical patient load with pain issues in the ambulatory surgery setting. Focus on ambulatory pain control with its special challenges is vit...

Background: A comprehensive approach to pain management often requires multimodal therapy and a combination of medications. Oncology patients may be prescribed methadone duloxetine as single agents or in for cancer-related pain, particularly neuropathic pain. Duloxetine is also depression anxiety with cancer.

Treating acute pain in the paediatric population poses challenges which include the lack of high levels of evidence and a universal pain measuring tool, contributing to the undertreatment of pain. A multimodal approach of topical and systemic analgesia, comfort measures and parental involvement remains the mainstay of pain management.

Nonobstetrical causes of pain during pregnancy are very common and can be incapacitating if not treated appropriately. Recent reports in the literature show that a significant percentage of pregnant women are treated with opioids during pregnancy. To address common pain conditions that present during pregnancy and the available pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options, for each ...