Packaged “sachet” water has become the primary drinking water source for millions of West Africans despite ongoing controversy over inadequate management of the new waste streams created by all the plastic wrappers. While recent literature from Ghana has shown that municipal water rationing and lower socioeconomic status tend to drive sachet consumption at the metropolitan scale, some lowincome...

Access to a sufficient amount of safe water is taken for granted in industrialised nations. Yet, as multiple incidents of contaminated water supplies show, citizens of highly industrialised nations such as Canada may not have access to safe water—the deadly E. coli outbreak in Waterton, Ontario, being but the most visible among many. Municipal engineers may find themselves between enemy lines a...

BACKGROUND Water-related diseases are of great concern in developing countries like Nepal. Every year, there are countless morbidity and mortality due to the consumption of unsafe drinking water. Recently, there have been increased uses of bottled drinking water in an assumption that the bottled water is safer than the tap water and its use will help to protect from water-related diseases. So, ...

Municipal infrastructure is a fundamental facility for the normal operation and development of an urban city and is of significance for the stable progress of sustainable urbanization around the world, especially in developing countries. Based on the municipal infrastructure data of the prefecture-level cities in China, municipal infrastructure development is assessed comprehensively using a FA...

The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is a complex service that should be provided with suitable and feasible technologies in developing countries like India. The collection element plays a vital role in the MSW management. Hence, the planning and design of community bins make a greater impact on the environment. In this regard, an application model called Design of Community Storage Syste...

Waste water was collected from the municipal town of Madurai and was subjected to filtration in two different filters. The first filter employed sand for the process of filtration where as the second filter carbon for the same. Finally when the clarified water is drawn out of the filter, it shows that there is a considerable reduction in the physico-chemical parameters then that of the untreate...

Although the natural niche for H. pylori is the human stomach, for widespread infection to occur the organism may need to survive in the external environment [1]. Documented evidence relating to the survival of H.pylori outside the gastric niche is extremely limited. However, there are no established culture methods for the detection of viable H. pylori in the environment, in particular drinkin...

Municipal water systems provide crucial services for human well-being, and will undergo a major transformation this century following global technological, socioeconomic and environmental changes. Future demand scenarios integrating these drivers over multidecadal planning horizons are needed to develop effective adaptation strategy. This paper presents a new long-term scenario modeling framewo...