Purpose – This paper focuses on an engineering application of the vertebrate musculoskeletal system. The musculoskeletal system has unique mechanisms such as bi-articular muscle, antagonistic muscle pairs and muscle-tendon elasticity. The “Artificial Musculoskeletal System” is achieved through the use of the pneumatic artificial muscles. The study provides a novel method to describe the force p...

various forms of intensive sport place stress on the musculoskeletal system of the horse, during both racing and training. the musculoskeletal system of the horse has an inherent ability to adapt to the demands of high speed exercise, but exceeding the threshold of adaptive capacity may result in some form of damage. continuing racing or training may delay the repair process and put the horse a...