Tipping is a multi-billion-dollar phenomenon that challenges the traditional assumption of selfish economic agents who have no feelings and do not care about social norms. This article reviews the early history of tipping and offers an economic analysis of different aspects of tipping. Using the historical evidence, it then addresses two major questions about tipping: why do people tip? And doe...

This article reports on a simulation and scenario analysis of Chinese passenger vehicle growth and resulting energy demand and CO2 emissions. The model includes provincial level logistic growth functions with saturation levels representative of neighboring Asian economies, income growth measured in international dollars, and both estimated and literature-based income elasticities. Scenarios exp...

Wallerian degeneration of injured neuronal axons and synapses is blocked in Wld(S) mutant mice by expression of an nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 1 (Nmnat-1)/truncated-Ube4b chimeric gene. The protein product of the Wld(S) gene localizes to neuronal nuclei. Here we show that Wld(S) protein expression selectively alters mRNA levels of other genes in Wld(S) mouse cerebellum in v...

Axon and synapse degeneration are common components of many neurodegenerative diseases, and their rescue is essential for effective neuroprotection. The chimeric Wallerian degeneration slow protein (Wld(S)) protects axons dose dependently, but its mechanism is still elusive. We recently showed that Wld(S) acts at a non-nuclear location and is present in axons. This and other recent reports supp...

Rhodostomin (Rho) is a medium disintegrin containing a 48PRGDMP motif. We here showed that Rho proteins with P48A, M52W, and P53N mutations can selectively inhibit integrin αIIbβ3. To study the roles of the RGD loop and C-terminal region in disintegrins, we expressed Rho 48PRGDMP and 48ARGDWN mutants in Pichia pastoris containing 65P, 65PR, 65PRYH, 65PRNGLYG, and 65PRNPWNG C-terminal sequences....

The purpose of this study is to explain the market diffusion satellites by exploring how early adopters raise regulatory barriers adoption. Such influence has not been explored significantly in literature analyzing industrial products. In paper, we adopt a macro and longitudinal approach case from 1959 2017. results indicate that hinder takeoff therefore entry mainstream adopters. Overall, find...

Article history: Received 31 August 2010 Available online 14 January 2011 Explanations of Japanese technological modernization from the late nineteenth to the midtwentieth century have increasingly focused on domestic capabilities as opposed to the traditional emphasis on knowledge transfers from the West. Yet, the literature is mostly qualitative and it lacks a comparative context. This articl...

Numerous economic historians have suggested that institutions which supported contract enforcement were necessary for impersonal exchange to emerge in medieval Europe. Yet this literature cannot account for the bill of exchange, an important financial instrument that was legally enforced in both the medieval Islamic and Christian worlds but remained relegated to personal networks in only the fo...