Commonly used craniofacial reference planes such as Frankfort Horizontal (FH) and sella-nasion have shortcomings, including their variable interindividual orientation when related to true horizontal (HOR). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of a range of craniofacial reference planes to HOR, including those which have not been investigated previously: the ...

OBJECTIVE The facial esthetics after orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery may be affected by the patient's natural head position. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the natural head position for the three skeletal classes of malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our sample consisted of 102 lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients aged 15 to 18 years; class I (n=32), class ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Establishment of natural head position (NHP) in radiography or photography by estimation, which is called natural head orientation (NHO), has been recently advocated by various studies. This study aimed to determine the effect of chin position on the accuracy and reproducibility of NHO in a more realistic way. MATERIALS AND METHODS NHP-based digital photographs of 33 adult...

Photographic and video analyses show that the primary position of the eyes is a natural constant position in alert normal humans, and the eyes are automatically saccadically reset to this position from any displacement of the visual line. The primary position is not dependent on fixation, the fusion reflex, gravity, or the head position. The primary position is defined anatomically by head and ...

Most gaze tracking systems are based on the pupil center corneal reflection (PCCR) method using near infrared (NIR) illuminators. One advantage of the PCCR method is the high accuracy it achieves in gaze tracking because it compensates for the pupil center position based on the relative position of corneal specular reflection (SR). However, the PCCR method only works for user head movements wit...