plague is an infectious disease transmitted from rodents to humans. this disease is considered an endemic disease in western iran. the last officially reported case of human plague in iran was in 1965. in the last few decades, human plague has been reported in iran’ neighboring countries. also, according to some recent evidence witnessing infected rodents in western iran, it is probable to have...

background: the postoperative shivering is one of the common complications of anesthesia after surgery and in the recovery room, which can cause the increased systemic blood pressure, oxygen consumption, heart rate and the cardiac arrhythmias among patients. due to the variety of drugs used in general anesthesia, and necessity of choosing the effective intravenous and the inhaled drugs to reduc...

The Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in the Republic of Korea have given huge impacts in different aspects. Health security is no more a new coinage. Global health security became more realistic in its practical application. In the perspective of global health, it will be helpful to peruse lessons learned from the Ebola outbreak in We...

17 Address to which correspondence should be sent: 18 C. Elaine Chapman 19 Département de physiologie 20 Université de Montréal 21 PO Box 6128, Succursale centre ville 22 Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 23 Canada 24 25 Tel : 514-343-2304 26 Fax : 514-343-6113 27 e-mail : [email protected] 28 29 30 Running title: Tactile roughness perception 31 32

BACKGROUND Cholera continues to be a devastating disease in many developing countries where inadequate safe water supply and poor sanitation facilitate spread. From July 2009 until late 2011 Papua New Guinea experienced the first outbreak of cholera recorded in the country, resulting in >15,500 cases and >500 deaths. METHODS Using the national cholera database, we analysed the spatio-temporal...

Background The rapidly evolving 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa is the largest documented in history, both in terms of the number of people infected and in the geographic spread. The high morbidity and mortality have inspired response strategies to the outbreak at the individual, regional, and national levels. Methods to provide real-time assessment of changing transmissi...

Dear Editor-in-Chief The present global consideration is on the recent outbreak of 2014 Western Ebola virus in West Africa (1 – 3). This viral hemorrhagic fever wide spreads to several countries in West Africa and remote countries (1 - 3). With high death rate, the disease is presently on the list of public health threatens. The main problem for management of the infection is the limited knowl...

Rapid advances in technology and the advent of the Internet have redefined public expectation of the government and its services. With the great support from Hong Kong and Singapore government, e-government system has achieved temporary success by offering some everyday services through virtual Internet. During last year’s Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, e-governments in Hong...