A juvenile, female sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) was observed in 43 instances of the flehmen response over 19 days from May through July of 2015 at the Oregon Zoo. In all flehmen grimace observations, the juvenile sea otter engaged in nibbling, nosing, or licking the peri-mammary or anogenital areas of a non-lactating, geriatric female sea otter. The flehmen behavior observed was consisted ...

The influence of freestream turbulence (FT) on near-field development turbulent wakes is assessed with regards to both the entrainment rate background fluid into wake and extent meandering. It shown that FT increases near wake, thereby at which spreads. meandering more complex, but it integral length scale dominant property affecting In a novel control experiment, large-scale coherent motion in...

The title of this paper presupposes that farm animals do control their voluntary intake but this is really a question of degree. If control were absolute then we would expect, for example, that a fast would be followed by exact compensation when food was made available again; this is not the case, especially with fasts of more than a few hours. However, the fact that some compensation does occu...

Pig production has changed dramatically over the last several decades, and most piglets are now raised on industrialized commercial operations that confine thousands of animals on one site. In these facilities, piglets are born and reared under conditions that dramatically contrast with the natural environment they are biologically adapted to fit. In nature, a mother sow builds a nest of twigs ...

New work in Caenorhabditis elegans shows that during embryogenesis endodermal cells interact with and regulate primordial germ cells by actively excising and digesting germ cell lobes. Endodermal cells utilize proteins linked to endocytosis to perform this unique 'cannibalistic' process.