objective(s): haemostasis prevents blood loss following vascular injury. it depends on the unique concert of events involving platelets and specific blood proteins, known as coagulation factors. the clotting system requires precise regulation and coordinated reactions to maintain the integrity of the vasculature. clotting insufficiency mostly occurs due to genetically inherited coagulation fact...

Codon nonsense mutations include amber, ochre, or opal mutations according to termination codon consisting of three types (TAG, TAA and TGA). Codon nonsense mutations are also divided into natural and artificial mutations. We discussed the interaction of codon nonsense mutations and suppressor tRNAs in vitro and in vivo. Nonsense suppressions do not only happen in prokaryotes but also in eukary...

A conserved mRNA surveillance system, referred to as nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), exists in eukaryotic cells to degrade mRNAs containing nonsense codons. This process is important in checking that mRNAs have been properly synthesized and functions, at least in part, to increase the fidelity of gene expression by degrading aberrant mRNAs that, if translated, would produce truncated proteins. U...

About 10% of patients with a genetic disease carry a nonsense mutation causing their pathology. A strategy for correcting nonsense mutations is premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough, i.e. incorporation of an amino acid at the PTC position during translation. PTC-readthrough-activating molecules appear as promising therapeutic tools for these patients. Unfortunately, the molecules shown ...

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, the accelerated turnover of mRNAs transcribed from genes containing early nonsense mutations, is dependent on the product of the UPF1 gene in yeast. Mutations that inactivate UPF1 lead to the selective stabilization of mRNAs containing early nonsense mutations but have no effect on the half-lives of almost all other mRNAs. Since the transcripts of nonsense alleles ...

No one disputes that male and female brains are different or that males and females differ in their accomplishments. But are these two facts related? A few years ago Harvard President Larry Summers suggested that the answer is yes. He proposed that innate brain differences help to account for the dearth of successful women in science, provoking much heated debate. Reporters called it the story ...