This study explored how responsiveness, assertiveness, cognitive flexibility, and nonverbal immediacy might be related to Machiavellianism and a possible interaction of these relationships with biological sex. Participants (N = 234) completed the AssertivenessResponsiveness Measure (ARM), the Nonverbal Immediacy Scale (the self-report version; NISS), the Cognitive Flexibility scale, and a recen...

The purpose of this mixed method embedded design study was to examine the effect a treatment package consisting video and reflection, feedback, coaching on pre-service teachers’ use nonverbal immediacy behaviors as they delivered lessons student avatars in reality simulations. Pre-service teachers at three points time over course semester within teacher preparation course. Following each simula...

In 4 studies, the authors examined the effect of approaching Blacks on implicit racial attitudes and immediacy behaviors. In Studies 1-3, participants were trained to pull a joystick toward themselves or to push it away from themselves when presented with photographs of Blacks, Whites, or Asians before completing an Implicit Association Test to measure racial bias. In Study 4, the effect of thi...

When building computational artifacts that are capable of social relationships with human, it is desirable for these artifacts to possess a human form like those of humanoids, bipedal robots and anthropomorphic agents. If these artifacts appear human-like, they can display nonverbal social interaction cues. In particular, physically embodied artifacts such as bipedal robots can use the nonverba...

We present an empirical study that investigates whether the first impressions that users form of a virtual agent have an impact on attitudes and subsequent relational behavior. Subjects experienced brief approaches to several embodied agent guides in an immersive 3D virtual museum environment. Each guide exhibited two levels (low vs. high) of extraversion and friendliness towards the subjects b...