For a finite group G and an inverse-closed generating set C of G, let Aut(G;C) consist those automorphisms which leave invariant. We define Aut(G;C)-invariant normal subgroup Φ(G;C) has the property that, for any generators if we remove from it all elements Φ(G;C), then remaining is still G. The contains Frattini Φ(G) but inclusion may be proper. Cayley graph Cay(G,C) edge-transitive acts trans...

Shape from shading schemes are based on the assumption that image radiance is a function of surface normal alone. Unfortunately, because surfaces illuminate one another, radiance is a complicated global property of surface shape. We review briefly the equations governing mutual illumination effects, and demonstrate that mutual illumination forms a major component of image radiance. We then disc...

This study presents a novel approach for building change detection from digital surface models (DSMs), which are generated from the images acquired by a multi-line digital airborne sensor ADS40. Our approach is based on building extraction, which is one of the most challenging research fields. A scheme is proposed that allows efficient integration of a local surface normal angle transform (LSNA...

Context-free hypergraph grammars and boundary graph grammars of bounded nonterminal degree have the same power, both for generating sets of graphs and for generating sets of hypergraphs. Arbitrary boundary graph grammars have more graph generating power than context-free hypergraph grammars, but they have the same hypergraph generating power. To obtain these results, several normal forms for bo...

We explore design principles for general pixel-level prediction problems, from low-level edge detection to midlevel surface normal estimation to high-level semantic segmentation. Convolutional predictors, such as the fullyconvolutional network (FCN), have achieved remarkable success by exploiting the spatial redundancy of neighboring pixels through convolutional processing. Though computational...

We use dynamical low-energy electron diffraction ~LEED! to determine the surface structure of a-Al2O3(0001). Sapphire surfaces are prepared in three different ways, and the diffraction results are analyzed using an exhaustive search of possible models. For all sample processing conditions, the clearly favored structure has a single Al layer termination and a large first interlayer contraction. ...

an injective map f : e(g) → {±1, ±2, · · · , ±q} is said to be an edge pair sum labeling of a graph g(p, q) if the induced vertex function f*: v (g) → z − {0} defined by f*(v) = (sigma e∈ev) f (e) is one-one, where ev denotes the set of edges in g that are incident with a vetex v and f*(v (g)) is either of the form {±k1, ±k2, · · · , ±kp/2} or {±k1, ±k2, · · · , ±k(p−1)/2} u {k(p+1)/2} accordin...