28 Several Planktothrix strains, each producing a distinct oligopeptide profile, have been 29 shown to coexist within Lake Steinsfjorden (Norway). Using nonribosomal peptide 30 synthetase genes (NRPS) as markers, it has been shown that the Planktothrix community 31 comprises distinct genetic variants displaying differences in bloom dynamics, suggesting a 32 Planktothrix subpopulation structure....

OBJECTIVES To assess the construct validity of three measures of pain and to determine a categorical version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. DESIGN Validation study determining the concurrent validity of a self-reported pain score (SRPS), a nurse-reported pain score (NRPS) and the PAINAD; the divergent validity of the three pain measures with the Abbreviated Mental...

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Bacillus subtilis TP-B0611, which produces the isocoumarin-type compounds bacilosarcin and amicoumacin. The genome encodes three nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene clusters and one hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS)/NRPS gene cluster. The hybrid PKS/NRPS gene cluster was identified to be responsible for the biosynthesis of bacilosarcins and am...

BACKGROUND The structural and catalytic similarities between modular nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) inspired us to search for a hybrid NRPS-PKS system. The antitumor drug bleomycin (BLM) is a natural hybrid peptide-polyketide metabolite, the biosynthesis of which provides an excellent opportunity to investigate intermodular communication between NRPS an...

The neuropilins (Nrps) are multifunctional proteins involved in development, immunity and cancer. Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), or its homologue neuropilin-2 (Nrp2), are coreceptors that enhance responses to several growth factors (GFs) and other mediators. Nrps are coreceptors for the class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3), involved in axonal guidance, and several members of the vascular endothelial growth factor...

HSAF was isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes , a bacterium used in the biological control of fungal diseases of plants. Structurally, it is a tetramic acid-containing macrolactam fused to a tricyclic system. HSAF exhibits a novel mode of action by disrupting sphingolipids important to the polarized growth of filamentous fungi. Here we describe the HSAF biosynthetic gene cluster, which contains...

A 135,638 bp DNA region that encompasses the leinamycin (LNM) biosynthetic gene cluster was sequenced from Streptomyces atroolivaceus S-140. The boundaries of the lnm cluster were defined by systematic inactivation of open reading frames within the sequenced region. The lnm cluster spans 61.3 kb of DNA and consists of 27 genes encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), polyketide synthase...

Several Planktothrix strains, each producing a distinct oligopeptide profile, have been shown to coexist within Lake Steinsfjorden (Norway). Using nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes as markers, it has been shown that the Planktothrix community comprises distinct genetic variants displaying differences in bloom dynamics, suggesting a Planktothrix subpopulation structure. Here, we inves...

A significant gap exists between genetics-based investigations of polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) biosynthetic pathways and our understanding of their regulation, interaction, and activity in living systems. To help bridge this gap, here we present an orthogonal active site identification system (OASIS) for the proteomic identification and analysis of PKS/NR...

The nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are one of the most promising resources for the production of new bioactive molecules. The mechanism of NRPS catalysis is based around sequential catalytic domains: these are organized into modules, where each module selects, modifies, and incorporates an amino acid into the growing peptide. The intermediates formed during NRPS catalysis are delivere...