In the paper, two novel negative selection algorithms (NSAs) were proposed: FB-NSA and FFB-NSA. FBNSA has two types of detectors: constant-sized detector (CFB-NSA) and variable-sized detector (VFBNSA). The detectors of traditional NSA are generated randomly. Even for the same training samples, the position, size, and quantity of the detectors generated in each time are different. In order to el...

BACKGROUND Induced sputum (IS) has been recently used to investigate pulmonary inflammation in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), but still little attention has been paid to its efficacy in diagnosing sarcoidosis and other ILD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of IS differential cell count and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in sarcoidosis (SA) and nonsarcoidosis ILD (NSA ...

During explosive eruptions, the real-time estimation of mass eruption rate (MER) is challenging although crucial to mitigate impact erupted tephra. Microwave radar techniques at L- and/or X-bands, as well thermal infrared imagery, can provide a reliable MER in real time. Using lava fountains 3–5 December 2015 Mt. Etna (Italy) test cases, we investigate differences amongall these remote sensing ...

During the Summer of 2013, it was revealed through the documents leaked by Edward Snowden that the NSA was collecting the metadata of every US-to-foreign, foreign-to-US and US-to-US call from the largest US telephone providers. This led to public outcry and to President Obama calling for the restructuring of this program. The options initially considered included keeping the data at the provide...

Introduction. Femoral neck shaft angle (NSA) has been reported to be an independent predictor of hip fracture risk in men. We aimed to assess the role of NSA in UK men. Methods. The NSA was measured manually from the DXA scan printout in men with hip (62, 31 femoral neck and 31 trochanteric), symptomatic vertebral (91), and distal forearm (67) fractures and 389 age-matched control subjects. Age...

in static scheduling problem, where there is no change in situation, the challenge is that the large problems can be solved in a short time. in this paper, the static scheduling problem of automated guided vehicles in container terminal is solved by the network simplex algorithm (nsa). the algorithm is based on graph model and their performances are at least 100 times faster than traditional si...

As suggested by the title, it has recently become clear that theorems of Nonstandard Analysis (NSA) give rise to theorems in computability theory (no longer involving NSA). Now, the aforementioned discipline divides into classical and higher-order computability theory, where the former (resp. the latter) sub-discipline deals with objects of type zero and one (resp. of all types). The aforementi...

Artificial immune system (AIS) allows us to inspire several ideas for the design of computer intrusion detection. The standard of negative selection algorithm (NSA), offered by Stephanie Forrest in 1994, is one of the most common mechanisms in AIS that applied in anomaly detection for the similarity of its basic idea. One of the most operational improvements in the standard of NSA is how to gen...