acknowledgements i wish to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me in preparing this thesis. i would like to express my deep gratitude to my respected advisor dr. kourosh akef, whose advice and comments helped me in the early stages of the research and throughout the writing process. i would also like to express my gratitude to dr. hajar khanmohammad whose invaluable guidance he...

One of the properties which is always has been regarded and man has experienced is “Jealousy”. It has been prohibited in the Quran and traditions and is considered one of the three principles of atheism. In Islamic texts, Jealousy has been translated to "Desire to decline favor of another". On the other hand, "envy", versus “Jealousy”, is mentioned that gaining blessing instead declining favor ...

Purgatory life of man and the stages following it have always occupied human mind. Some verses of Quran such as Al-muminun 100-101, Al-Imran 169-170, Ya-Sin 26-27, Al-Mu`min 11 and 46, Al-Munafiqun 10 and An-Nahl 32 clearly describe purgatory world and its properties. As is understood everlasting life of martyrs of holy wars and their rewards has been regarded as a proof for purgatory and its g...